It offers a complete music production environment, featuring high-quality synthesizers, drum kits, and sample-based instruments. From effective Jan 6, 2022 · Additionally, Zenbeats offers a range of audio effects (EQ, Reverb, Compressor, Delay, Chorus, Flanger, AutoWah) to manipulate and finetune your tracks. May 9, 2024 · Beatwave is a free beat-making app with a handful of in-app subscription options that open up access to more sound packs. There are three applications of beats, viz – (a) Determination of unknown frequency of tuning fork. Price: Free More info: Propellerhead Where to buy: iTunes Mar 8, 2024 · Further, Python applications offers provides ease in building a plethora of apps, web development processes, and a lot more. Mar 4, 2024 · Out of all the beat-making apps on the market today, Beatmaker 3 is among the best. The beats frequency phenomenon has a wide range of applications in physics as well as in medical science. Raymond ( The New Mexico Tech Press ) via source content that was Answer to: Describe some applications of the beat phenomenon. Beats. Compatible headphone models. The difference between the frequencies of interfering waves should be small. You’ll notice right away that the microphones of the Beats Studio Pro are a lot less sensitive (quieter) than those of the Beats Studio 3 Wireless. AirPods Pro (1st generation) and later. While most beat-making apps are best suited for tablets, Beatsnap is optimized best for use on smartphones, making it a great option for truly mobile beat-making. Conditions of Formation of Beats: The amplitude of the two interfering waves should be the same. myNoise is the best free binaural beats app that offers a binaural beats machine which has a 10-carrier pure sine wave binaural beat generator. 5 or later, iPad with iPadOS 14. Beats are used in determining the existence of poisonous gases in mines. Beats Fit Pro These periodic variations of loudness are called beats. The human brain processes the difference in the binaural beats to understand their frequencies. May 12, 2015 · Application of binaural beats at a theta frequency (7 Hz) increased left temporal lobe delta power in experienced meditators, whereas this effect was not recorded in the novice participant group. There are thousands of free samples in LANDR’s sample library spread across multiple categories, including vocals, bass, and FX—and you can load up to eight samples at once in the editor. The Studio Pro, released in 2023, boasts modern features like USB-C listening modes with built-in EQ presets for lossless listening, Bluetooth 5. Total listening time was up to 12 hours. Jan 18, 2020 · The number of beats heard per second is called the frequency of beats. Find out how you and a friend can both listen to audio from your iPhone or iPad with Beats wireless headphones or earbuds. Dec 28, 2020 · Beat frequencies are the increases in loudness resulting from constructive and destructive interference between two sound waves. Transient solution . Start sharing. Jul 4, 2019 · Even beginners and amateurs can quickly figure out how to generate beats using this website. Mar 19, 2024 · 10 real-world applications of machine learning Machine learning is everywhere. That makes a highly intuitive app that’s entirely designed for mobile and tablet production. It is also possible to adjust the volume and pitch of the beats. To determine the unknown frequency of a tuning fork. Remember that the waxing and waning of waves are also the constructive and destructive interference of waves. Oct 17, 2023 · Best Binaural Beats Apps – Our Top Pick👌👌 1. Terminology of Beats: Sep 12, 2022 · Determine the beat frequency produced by two sound waves that differ in frequency. Use this tool to create a professional looking video for your track, upload the video to your social media channels, and grab the attention of your friends and fans. State any four applications of beats. The objective of this meta-analysis was to study the effect of binaural beats on memory, attention, anxiety, and analgesia. Many of the functionality seen in pricey desktop apps are accessible in the Soundation Studio sequencer. Introduction to Beats. 2)Beats can be used to adjust the vibrating length between the two bridges,in Sonometer Experiment. Ideal for sleep, focus, and meditation, binaural beats are perceived when different tones reach each ear. Jul 21, 2023 · Doubtnut is No. Therefore the frequency of waning is given as, N = n 1 – n 2. Sep 12, 2022 · Determine the beat frequency produced by two sound waves that differ in frequency. In this blog, we will discuss the top 10 Python applications in the real world in a detailed manner. So, if you like these features, go and download FL Studio from this link, and start creating the most chill beats ever. Open up the app, and you’ll have access to a huge range of soundtracks enabling you to create almost any genre, from dubstep to EDM to hip hop. Apr 11, 2023 · Designed by Ninebuzz, this drum machine app is a perfect tool when you just want to enjoy the drums and practice in a casual manner. Yet, while you likely interact with it practically every day, you may not be aware of it. Hence difference between the frequencies of two sources shall not be greater than 10 to hear the beats. Submit content. You can choose from the default and techno drum sets on this site and use the number keys on your keyboard to create various beats. It has a very easy-to-use interface that can be easily adapted even by beginners. Feb 2, 2022 · Create amazing beats using high-quality music filters. (c) Determination of the tone of musical instruments. This means you’re licensing the beat for 10 years. From the ground up, the app was built for tablet and phone-based production—meaning it’s not ported over from desktop-style software. It has been suggested that binaural beats can influence cognition and mental states among others. Observing beats is a very useful way to compare similar frequencies. Features. Beats app for Android. In later chapters, we will discuss the wave properties of particles. Performers usually use obstruction beats impartially to check to tune at the harmony, amazing fifth, or other basic harmonic intervals. serato. A final application of physics to the world of music pertains to the topic of beats. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The company was founded in 2006 by music producer Dr. Use millions more samples and loops from Splice Sounds, plus download your beats as MIDI or Toraiz SP-16 files. Web Development. Determination of unknown frequency May 7, 2020 · It has been shown that beta wave binaural beats can positively affect vigilance performance and mood (3), and a recent 2019 study showed that beta wave binaural beats have a positive impact on long term memory (7). Time series (TS) forecasting is an important business problem and a fruitful application area for machine learning (ML). BrainWave: 35 Binaural Series™. Serato Studio is an easy way to make professional-quality beats. 1 second between the two successes sounds to understand the sound properly. Its learning curve could be a bit steep for newbies. When two different objects vibrate at different frequencies, there is a fluctuating sound, this sensation is known as beats. When the beta beat frequency was applied novice participants showed more gamma power increase during meditation than the experienced mediator group Apr 1, 2023 · History of Binaural Beats. Dec 12, 2023 · This means you can get high-quality beats without paying a significant upfront cost. iPad (5th generation) and later. , tuning the three strings used for a single note, then using that note to tune a note one octave higher, etc. Jun 7, 2024 · Overall, this app works well for amateurs as well as professionals. Mar 11, 2021 · Note how beats are the time analog of wave packets — the mathematics are the same except that frequency replaces wavenumber and time replaces space. It underlies most aspects of modern business, including such critical areas as inventory control and customer management, as well as business planning going from production and distribution to finance and marketing. Sep 12, 2022 · Determine the beat frequency produced by two sound waves that differ in frequency. From equation (4) and (5) we conclude that the waxing and waning are alternately situated in a medium, when waves interferes each other. Police radar. 9 Standing waves are formed by the superposition of two waves of same amplitude and frequency travelling in opposite directions, but beats are formed by the superposition of two waves of same amplitude but slightly different frequencies travelling in same directions. However, it wasn’t until 1839 that physicist and meteorologist Heinrich Willhelm Dove performed experiments that identified binaural beats. You moreover get the freedom to check songs for every format including some of the major one like MP3, WAV, OGG, WAV, MPC, and many others. Let's discuss the practical applications of beats. AirPods Max. Aug 13, 2024 · Binaural Beats Generator is an advanced app allowing custom binaural beats creation and ranks among the best binaural beats apps. This page titled 1. RULES & REGULATIONS. One 10’ x 10’ open space per location. While beats may sometimes be annoying in audible sounds, we will find that beats have many applications. When those 10 years are up, you’ll need to renew your license to continue utilizing the original beat. Binaural beats are two different types of beats with different frequencies that are heard by the human ear. It is one of the more addictive apps on this list. Jun 19, 2024 · Beats Studio Pro vs Beats Studio 3 Wireless: Microphone quality. 0 and up Let us introduce you to Suggester. Try free for 14 days. If your device cannot run the app, it will all be in vain. It looks a little ancient, but does the job These periodic variations of loudness are called beats. Explain the production of beats and deduce analytically the expression for beats frequency. Audiomodern Playbeat is an impressive AI music generator. Standing waves are formed by the superposition of two waves of same amplitude and frequency travelling in opposite directions, but beats are formed by the superposition of two waves of same amplitude but slightly different frequencies travelling in same directions. The various applications of beats are: 1. 99 (Free version also available) Compatibility: iOS 13. The phenomenon of beats can be used. Here are 10 of the best apps every beat-maker should own. e. Do some research and find an application of resonance and/or beats Describe a physical phenomenon in which resonance and/or beats are observed. Some typical applications of capacitors include: 1. Power cycle your Beats headphones & devices: Power Cycling is the act of turning off electrical devices through the main switch and turning it back on again. Not two beats are ever the same. The brainwave The beats frequency phenomenon has a wide range of applications in physics as well as in medical science. There are applications of beats as apparently disparate as in ultrasonic imaging and radar speed traps. The term 'Beats' is the topic of wave and oscillation. iPad Air (3rd generation) and later. 9. Works with iPhone 8 or later and iPod touch (7th generation) with the latest version of iOS; and 12. Dec 2, 2019 · Binaural Beats Therapy is one of the oldest apps in its class. Jan 1, 2023 · Applications of Capacitors. To identify the presence of poisonous gases in the mine, the following experiment is carried out. Utilization of Beats. Food trucks 25’ or smaller. Use as many terms as you can from the list to explain the phenomenon mathematically. Applications of beats. DOWNLOAD THE BEATS APP Get connected quickly with simple one-touch pairing* and gain easy access to battery status and settings. To start with, you can opt for its free trial and switch on to its paid version later on. Download the Beats app for Android and Beats Pill+ app for iOS to put you at the centre of your music like never before. By signing up, you'll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your homework Get more heat on your beats with Serato Visualizer. Jun 29, 2020 · Superposition of Waves Class 12: BEATS and it's APPLICATIONS, Phenomenon of Beats, Waxing and Waning, Beat frequency and Application of Beats Class 12 'Supe Binaural auditory beats are a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when presenting separately to each ear two tones that slightly differ in their frequency. Filtering: Electronic circuits often use capacitors to filter out unwanted signals. 3 connectivity, and active noise canceling (ANC). 3 While headphones are used today to produce this effect, Dove created tones of different frequencies and used tubes to lead the sounds into Jan 22, 2024 · Creator is an online beat-making tool made by LANDR, a music creation platform that boasts an expansive library of music samples. 2 days ago · The Application of Beats. Dec 21, 2021 · The period of waning is the time between alternating waning. Top 20 Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in 2024. Price: $13. Pricing – FREE. Many ancient cultures used drumbeats to produce a trance-like state during ceremonies. Jan 26, 2024 · The Beats Powerbeats Pro aren’t unique, exactly, but there aren’t a lot of earbuds that can hold on for dear life no matter what. 1 Study App and Learning App with Instant Video Solutions for NCERT Class 6, Class 7, Class 8, Class 9, Class 10, Class 11 and Class 12, IIT JEE prep, NEET preparation and CBSE, UP Board, Bihar Board, Rajasthan Board, MP Board, Telangana Board etc NCERT solutions for CBSE and other state boards is a key requirement for students. You can also compose beats using this website. Here we will discuss the definition of beats and the definition of frequency of beats ,the application of the beats as well as the formation of the beat. The playlist consisted of 358 unique audio tracks purchased from the iTunes Store (256-Kbps AAC encoding). A 10’ x 10’ tented space (whole area is tented, cooking is Beats. AirPods (1st generation) and later. BEFORE Introduction to Beats. Beats are the periodic waxing and fading of sound that occurs when two sound waves of roughly equal frequencies collide. Its presets are split into seven categories, with 20 sound combos in total. The phenomena of beats is an example of interference in time. Beats are great for gathering data. The diagram below illustrates the wave interference pattern resulting from two waves (drawn in red Mar 28, 2024 · The reasons you would get the Beats app for Android are limited to being able to rename the device, provide firmware updates, and configure the function of the system button. Image recognition May 24, 2024 · Religiously go through the system requirements of the tool before the purchase. Oct 15, 2015 · Since mobile music-making apps appeared a few short years ago, they have moved from simple toys to full-fledged professional tools from some of the industry’s top contenders. AI finds extensive applications across various sectors, including E-commerce, Education, Robotics, Healthcare, and Social Media. One table and two chairs per location . f b = beats frequency f 1 = frequency of sound wave 1 f 2 = frequency of sound wave 2 |f 1 – f 2 | = positive (+) value of the difference Applications of beats The various applications of beats are: Police radar; Doppler pulse detection; Subjective tones; Mulitphonics These periodic variations of loudness are called beats. Percussion instruments, samplers, and synthesizers that are simple to use are included. 3. Access via Serato Studio’s ‘Export’ button on the main screen, or upload your tracks directly at visualizer. 5 or later, or Mac with macOS Big Sur 11. Describe how beats are produced by musical instruments. When a little wax is stuck to a prong of fork A, the number of beats heard per second becomes 2. Beat frequency is defined as the difference in frequencies of two waves multiplied by the number of beats produced per second. Jul 1, 2024 · A 10’ x 10’ tented space (whole area is tented, cooking is not allowed) Center St & 4th: Center St is near the national stage, 4th is a main entrance to the event and features 2 stages. ). It’s especially useful for producers who want to quickly start creating beats Dec 27, 2023 · How to pair Beats wireless with Windows 10; How to pair Beats wireless with Windows 11; What to do if Windows can’t find your Beats wireless; How to pair Beats wireless with Windows 10. myNoise. Jul 13, 2023 · Make sure your Beats headphones are charged properly: Make sure your Beats headphones are charged for at least 20 minutes before attempting to pair them with your device again. Groovepad is currently available for free on Google The periodic rise and fall (Waxing and waning) in the intensity of sound due to the superposition of two sound waves of slightly different frequencies traveling in the same direction is called beats. Thoughts. These periodic variations of loudness are called beats. Choose frequencies from 1 to 50 Hz and base frequencies from 20 to 1500 Hz through its user-friendly interface. Depending on the application, though, your phone can automatically apply gain to the signal to fix any volume issues. . They sit on your servers, with your containers, or deploy as functions — and then centralize data in Elasticsearch. Suggester. iPad mini (5th generation) and later. Each fork gives 4 beats per second with the next one and the frequency of last fork is twice that of the first. Beats are the periodic and repeating fluctuations heard in the intensity of a sound when two sound waves of very similar frequencies interfere with one another. Learn May 19, 2023 · Binaural beats are an auditory phenomenon that occurs when two tones of different frequencies, which are presented separately to each ear, elicit the sensation of a third tone oscillating at the difference frequency of the two tones. Binaural Beats. Learn how you and a friend can both listen to audio from your iPhone or iPad with Beats wireless headphones or earbuds. Moreover, the packages include 10 GB of content and 90+ creative tools, effects, and instruments. 0 or later and Android 6. Beyond that, you’re not really gaining much, so privacy wonks may elect to skip adding yet another source of data sharing from their digital lives. The particles can be modeled as a “wave packet” that results from the superposition of various waves, where the particle moves at the “group velocity” of the Sep 12, 2022 · Determine the beat frequency produced by two sound waves that differ in frequency. Many have names that promise great benefits, like Euphoria Induction, Lucid Dreams, or Astral Projection. Now that you know a few things about beat-making apps, let us name some of the finest options to try right away: Serato Studio. Magix Music Maker One of the most downloaded beat-making apps goes by the name of Magix Music Maker. The beat frequency is created when two sound waves with different frequencies come across each other, and here, the amplitude gets added and subtracted for a given time period. 0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David J. 2. Twenty-two studies Today, binaural beats are widely used in various applications, such as music therapy, stress reduction, and even cognitive enhancement. Cons. Binaural beats can be perceived in the frequency range of about 1–30 Hz, a range that coincides with the main human EEG frequency bands. This epic music production app was created for producers who thrive on creating unique beats and samples, offering a wide variety of professional-grade tools for: Mar 12, 2024 · Compatibility:- macOS, Windows Price:-Intro costs $79, Standard costs $359, Suite costs $599Next in the list of Beat Making Software For Windows is Ableton Live. footnote 1 Works with compatible Beats headphones. It is among the best free music making apps for music theory enthusiasts to create new chord progressions. Determination of unknown frequency footnote 10 Testing conducted by Apple in March 2023 using preproduction Beats Studio Buds + and Charging Case units and software paired with iPhone 13 Pro units and pre-release software. Tent Rental if needed. The library contains readily available basslines, drum beats, and melodies. The price can be too high for some users. Small space start at: $3,000. Supported devices – Only Android. Application of beats:1) Beats are used in tuning musical instruments. Large spaces start at: $4,000. Dre, or simply Beats by Dre) is an American consumer audio products manufacturer headquartered in Culver City, California. Mar 30, 2024 · iMPC Pro 2 by AKAI Professional transforms your iOS device into a powerhouse sampling and beat-making studio, reflecting the legendary MPC workflow. Determination of unknown frequency The study of the superposition of various waves has many interesting applications beyond the study of sound. Piano tuners use this technique of beats and interference to tune piano wires finely; they pluck the wire and a tuning fork at the same time, and then depending on the beats frequency, they will tighten or loosen the wire tension to increase or reduce the frequency thereby tuning the wire to the same frequency as the fork. Nov 12, 2021 · Aim: To evaluate the application of an acoustic neurostimulation program with binaural beats and isochronic tones isolated or in association, and its effects on sleep, depression, anxiety, and Sep 12, 2022 · Determine the beat frequency produced by two sound waves that differ in frequency. Music creation has come a long way from the days of expensive recording studios and bulky hardware. 2 – 110v plugs – 20 amps per 10’x10’ location. So let’s get started: 1. By comparing a note of known frequency Utilization of Beats. When two sound waves of different frequency approach your ear, the alternating constructive and destructive interference causes the sound to be alternatively soft and loud - a phenomenon which is called "beating" or producing beats. Beats have practical applications in various fields: Musical Instruments: Musicians often use beats to tune their instruments. For example, they can remove noise and ripple from power supplies or block DC signals while allowing AC signals to pass through. What is the frequency of tuning fork A before the wax is stuck to it? For formation of beats, two sound notes must have _____. Dre and record company executive Jimmy Iovine . 3 or later. Determination of unknown frequency Beats. 10-Minute charge testing conducted with drained Beats Flex that were charged for 10 minutes, then audio playback was started until Beats Flex stopped playback. Calculate the frequencies of the first and the last fork. There are several applications of resonance and beats in real life 5a. Determination of unknown frequency Dec 28, 2020 · Beat frequencies are the increases in loudness resulting from constructive and destructive interference between two sound waves. Beats are used to determine the unknown frequency. Jul 22, 2024 · When two or more waves travelling in a medium meet, the resulting phenomenon is called interference and beats are an excellent example of the phenomenon of interference. Figure by Propellerhead. 3 days ago · Now, let’s check out the 20 best Artificial Intelligence app in 202 4. Key Specs: Platform: Mac. May 28, 2024 · The Beats Studio Pro and Beats Studio3 Wireless, while both stemming from the iconic Beats brand, offer distinct experiences. Nov 2, 2018 · Beats : The physical effect of superposition of two or more wave is called interference. 5-inch. Beats ship data that conforms with Elastic Common Schema (ECS), and if you want more processing muscle, they can forward to Logstash for transformation and parsing. The study of music provides many examples of the superposition of waves and the constructive and destructive interference that occurs. Testing consisted of full Beats Flex battery discharge while playing audio until Beats Flex stopped playback. In tuning musical instruments. The beats can be heard only if the frequency difference is less than 10. iPod touch (7th generation) Find out which iPhone, iPad, or iPod model you have. . Jul 1, 2024 · ARTS, BEATS & EATS PROVIDES. In other words, when two sound waves having slightly different frequencies reach your ear, then you are able to hear fluctuating sound (alternate soft and loud sound). While Jun 7, 2023 · It ditches the classic format for a unified modular system ideal for making beats, generating rhythms, and crafting unpredictable sounds. Dec 27, 2023 · Also Read: Best Music Player Apps for Windows 10. When you buy BandLab Beats, you’re purchasing a non-exclusive license, with a 10-year fixed term. Of course, if you Volume was set to 50%. May 23, 2024 · 3. 1 Beats of Nearly Identical Tuning Forks • This activity dramatically shows the production of beats, both audibly and visually. Click here:point_up_2:to get an answer to your question :writing_hand:9 explain applications of beats10 explain applications of doppler effect Dec 21, 2021 · The period of waning is the time between alternating waning. Doppler pulse Jun 15, 2024 · FL Studio Mobile is an impressive beat-making app that brings the powerful features of the renowned FL Studio software to mobile devices. This is called persistence of hearing. There are various applications of beats, though the three are discussed in detail below. This is a huge bonus, as many other apps for making beats do not have this level of in-app functionality. PC, Linux; Free Version: 30-day demo; Price: $499; Learning Curve: High ; Review Every ordinary human being needs a time interval of 0. Different states of mind are linked with specific frequencies of a brainwave. Find My Beats requires an iPhone or iPod touch with iOS 14. One parking pass per location. The Application of Beats: Beats are used in determining the unknown frequency; Beats are used in determining the existence of poisonous gases in mines. It is one of the most astonishing applications of Python. Sep 28, 2023 · While it’s free, this binaural beats app for sleep doesn’t get updated very often. Piano and organ tuners even utilize a strategy including checking beats, focusing on a specific number for a particular stretch. Learn more These periodic variations of loudness are called beats. • Another concept is the application of beats in tuning sets of piano strings (i. Do Binaural Beats Really Work? The effectiveness of binaural beats in producing specific mental states, such as relaxation or meditation, is a topic of ongoing research and debate. Question: 5. 1. Jun 27, 2024 · iPad Pro 10. footnote 6 Audio Sharing is compatible with Beats Fit Pro, Beats Flex, Solo Pro, Powerbeats Pro, Powerbeats, Solo3 Wireless, Powerbeats3 Wireless, Beats Studio3 Wireless, BeatsX, AirPods (1st generation or later), AirPods Pro, and AirPods Max. The beat frequency is mathematically defined as f (beat) = | f_1 – f_2|, with smaller frequency differences between the two producing a more easily noticeable beat. These beat-making apps are both free and paid apps. Beats Electronics LLC (also known as Beats by Dr. Apr 12, 2020 · Groovepad is a beat-making app that combines a user-friendly interface and high-quality samples. In this list, we highlight the top 20 AI applications, providing examples for each When beats occur in different volume sounds or complex sounds, the calculation of beat frequency becomes difficult. (b) Determination of poisonous gases in mines. You can even create unique Android widgets for your Beats, or locate them on a map if you happen to misplace them*. com Standing waves are formed by the superposition of two waves of same amplitude and frequency travelling in opposite directions, but beats are formed by the superposition of two waves of same amplitude but slightly different frequencies travelling in same directions. Only a few of the best workout earbuds can. When overlapping two waves of nearby frequencies create a new resultant wave, beats take place. These special frequencies can be induced directly in the brain by listening to two completely different but soothing tones in each ear. 5: Beats is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 3. The app has a vast collection of drum loops, songwriting options, more than 100 groovy beats, tempo changes, counts, hit packs, a randomizer button, a multitasking option, and plenty more fun built-in features. Binaural beats also have a positive effect in counteracting the negative effects of mental fatigue. Determination of unknown frequency Feb 20, 2022 · While beats may sometimes be annoying in audible sounds, we will find that beats have many applications. Aug 2, 2018 · Binaural auditory beats are a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when presenting separately to each ear two tones that slightly differ in their frequency. Download the Beats app for Android and Beats Pill+ app for iOS to put you at the center of your music like never before. Apr 5, 2024 · Its AI engine is capable of producing fresh beats infinitely. ACTIVITY 7. A tuning fork 'A' produces 5 beats per second with a tuning fork of frequency 480 Hz. T = 1 / n 1 – n 2. Applications of beats; If you would like to contribute notes or other learning material, please submit them using the button below. Beats are used in determining the unknown frequency. Suppose v 1 be the known frequency of tuning fork A . Participants must define what type of items they sell and can only sell those items. Make sure your Beats wireless headphones or earphones are turned off. Hold down the power button for about 5 seconds until you see the indicator light flashes Standing waves are formed by the superposition of two waves of same amplitude and frequency travelling in opposite directions, but beats are formed by the superposition of two waves of same amplitude but slightly different frequencies travelling in same directions. Feb 11, 2020 · We searched and found you the best mobile beat-making apps for the iPhone, iPad, and Android. To help you get a better idea of how it’s used, here are 10 real-world applications of machine learning. igbpks ohj wfjdeb new tkgo ezygqh iqpqjj khk yqqmc lcdp